{"v":1,"reckonings":[{"id":"traditional","name":"Traditional","about":"The Bible's own ages and reign lengths added up end to end, with no gaps in the genealogies: Floyd Nolen Jones's chronology, which the Theographic data follows. Like Archbishop Ussher's (1650), it puts Creation in 4004 BC."},{"id":"modern","name":"Modern","about":"A conservative modern reckoning: the Exodus in 1446 BC from 1 Kings 6:1, the kings as harmonised by Edwin Thiele, and dates fixed by Assyrian, Babylonian and Roman records where they exist. It gives no date for Creation or the Flood, because the genealogies may skip generations."}],"why":"Before about 900 BC every date comes from adding up the Bible's own numbers, and readers add them up differently (gaps in the genealogies or not, an early or late Exodus). From the Assyrian period on, records outside the Bible fix the dates, and the two reckonings agree within a few years.","eras":[{"id":"creation","name":"Creation & Patriarchs","about":"From the beginning to Abraham, Isaac and Jacob.","note":"Traditional starts at Creation in 4004 BC and the Flood in 2348 BC. Modern gives no date before Abraham (born 2166 BC).","books":["GEN"],"y":{"traditional":[-4004,-1706],"modern":[null,-1876]}},{"id":"egypt","name":"Egypt & Exodus","about":"Jacob's family in Egypt, slavery, the Exodus and forty years in the wilderness.","note":"The Exodus: 1491 BC traditional, 1446 BC modern (the 'early date', from 1 Kings 6:1). Evangelical scholars hold both this and a 'late date' around 1260 BC (Exodus 1:11 names the city of Rameses); the timeline marks the late date separately.","books":["EXO","LEV","NUM","DEU"],"y":{"traditional":[-1706,-1451],"modern":[-1876,-1406]}},{"id":"judges","name":"Judges","about":"Joshua's conquest of Canaan and the judges, from Othniel to Samuel.","note":"The judges' years overlap in places, so adding them end to end (traditional) runs longer than the 480 years of 1 Kings 6:1 allow.","books":["JOS","JDG","RUT"],"y":{"traditional":[-1451,-1095],"modern":[-1406,-1050]}},{"id":"kingdom","name":"Kingdom","about":"Saul, David and Solomon; the temple in Jerusalem.","note":"Modern: David 1010–970 BC, Solomon 970–931 BC, the temple built 966–959 BC.","books":["1SA","2SA","1KI","1CH","2CH","PSA","PRO","ECC","SNG"],"y":{"traditional":[-1095,-975],"modern":[-1050,-931]}},{"id":"divided","name":"Divided Kingdom","about":"Israel in the north until Assyria takes Samaria; Judah in the south until Babylon destroys Jerusalem.","note":"Samaria falls in 722 BC (Assyrian records). Babylon takes captives in 605 and 597 BC and destroys Jerusalem in 586 BC (some date it 587).","books":["1KI","2KI","2CH","ISA","JER","HOS","JOL","AMO","OBA","JON","MIC","NAM","HAB","ZEP"],"y":{"traditional":[-975,-586],"modern":[-931,-586]}},{"id":"exile","name":"Exile","about":"Judah in Babylon: Daniel, Ezekiel.","note":"Ends when Cyrus of Persia, who took Babylon in October 539 BC, lets the Jews go home (Ezra 1).","books":["LAM","EZK","DAN"],"y":{"traditional":[-586,-538],"modern":[-586,-538]}},{"id":"return","name":"Return","about":"The temple rebuilt, Esther in Persia, Ezra and Nehemiah, the last prophets.","note":"Temple finished 515 BC (Ezra 6:15), Ezra arrives 458 BC (Ezra 7:7), Nehemiah's wall 445 BC (Nehemiah 2:1). Theographic dates Malachi to 442 BC.","books":["EZR","NEH","EST","HAG","ZEC","MAL"],"y":{"traditional":[-538,-430],"modern":[-538,-430]}},{"id":"between","name":"Between the Testaments","about":"Persia, Alexander, the Greek kings, the Maccabees, Rome and Herod. None of the 66 books is set here.","note":"Known from 1–2 Maccabees (in Catholic and Orthodox Bibles) and Josephus; the temple is rededicated in 164 BC, the Feast of Dedication of John 10:22.","books":[],"y":{"traditional":[-430,-4],"modern":[-430,-6]}},{"id":"jesus","name":"Jesus","about":"From his birth to the cross, the resurrection and the ascension.","note":"Born before Herod the Great died (4 BC). The crucifixion is dated AD 30 or AD 33; both fit a Passover on a Friday.","books":["MAT","MRK","LUK","JHN"],"y":{"traditional":[-4,30],"modern":[-6,30]}},{"id":"church","name":"Early Church","about":"Pentecost, Paul's journeys and letters, to John's Revelation.","note":"Paul is in Corinth around AD 51 (the Gallio inscription at Delphi). The temple falls in AD 70. 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AD 68, under Nero."}],"promises":[{"id":"lamb-provided","t":"God will provide the lamb","story":"lamb-of-god","link":{"a":[26073,26073],"b":[554,555],"votes":15},"ends":{"modern":{"from":{"y":[-2066,-2029],"what":"Abraham offers Isaac on Moriah"},"to":{"y":[27,29],"what":"John: “Look, the Lamb of God”"}},"traditional":{"from":{"y":[-1872,-1872],"what":"Abraham offers Isaac on Moriah"},"to":{"y":[27,27],"what":"John: “Look, the Lamb of God”"}}},"note":"Abraham tells Isaac that God will provide the lamb; John the Baptist points to Jesus as the Lamb of God."},{"id":"wood-on-his-back","t":"The wood on the son's back","story":"mount-moriah","link":{"a":[553,553],"b":[26842,26842],"votes":12},"ends":{"modern":{"from":{"y":[-2066,-2029],"what":"Abraham offers Isaac on Moriah"},"to":{"y":[30,33],"what":"The crucifixion"}},"traditional":{"from":{"y":[-1872,-1872],"what":"Abraham offers Isaac on Moriah"},"to":{"y":[30,30],"what":"The crucifixion"}}},"note":"Isaac carries the wood up the mountain; Jesus carries his cross out to Golgotha."},{"id":"not-one-bone","t":"Not one bone broken","story":"not-one-bone-broken","link":{"a":[26861,26861],"b":[1862,1862],"votes":20},"ends":{"modern":{"from":{"y":[-1446,-1446],"what":"The Passover and the Exodus"},"to":{"y":[30,33],"what":"The crucifixion"}},"traditional":{"from":{"y":[-1491,-1491],"what":"The Passover and the Exodus"},"to":{"y":[30,30],"what":"The crucifixion"}}},"note":"The Passover lamb's bones were not to be broken; John says the same of Jesus on the cross."},{"id":"bread-from-heaven","t":"Bread from heaven","story":"bread-from-heaven","link":{"a":[26288,26288],"b":[1951,1962],"votes":9},"ends":{"modern":{"from":{"y":[-1446,-1446],"what":"Manna in the wilderness"},"to":{"y":[29,32],"what":"Jesus: “I am the bread of life”"}},"traditional":{"from":{"y":[-1491,-1491],"what":"Manna in the wilderness"},"to":{"y":[29,29],"what":"Jesus: “I am the bread of life”"}}},"note":"Manna feeds Israel in the wilderness; Jesus says the true bread from heaven is himself."},{"id":"the-rock","t":"The rock was Christ","story":"water-from-the-rock","link":{"a":[28571,28571],"b":[1989,1989],"votes":28},"ends":{"modern":{"from":{"y":[-1446,-1446],"what":"Water from the rock at Horeb"},"to":{"y":[55,55],"what":"1 Corinthians written"}},"traditional":{"from":{"y":[-1491,-1491],"what":"Water from the rock at Horeb"},"to":{"y":[55,55],"what":"1 Corinthians written"}}},"note":"Water flows from the rock at Horeb; Paul, writing to Corinth, says that rock was Christ."},{"id":"once-for-all","t":"Once for all","story":"the-scapegoat","link":{"a":[3216,3216],"b":[30117,30117],"votes":4},"ends":{"modern":{"from":{"y":[-1445,-1445],"what":"The Day of Atonement given"},"to":{"y":[30,33],"what":"The crucifixion"}},"traditional":{"from":{"y":[-1490,-1490],"what":"The Day of Atonement given"},"to":{"y":[30,30],"what":"The crucifixion"}}},"note":"Every year the high priest took blood into the holy place; Hebrews says Christ entered once for all by his own blood."},{"id":"the-serpent-crushed","t":"The first promise","story":"crown-of-thorns","link":{"a":[26855,26855],"b":[70,70],"votes":5},"ends":{"modern":{"from":{"y":[-1446,-1406],"what":"Genesis written"},"to":{"y":[30,33],"what":"The crucifixion"}},"traditional":{"from":{"y":[-4004,-4004],"what":"The fall"},"to":{"y":[30,30],"what":"The crucifixion"}}},"note":"After the fall, God promises that the woman's offspring will crush the serpent's head; on the cross Jesus says it is finished."},{"id":"born-of-a-woman","t":"The woman's offspring","story":"the-whole-bible","link":{"a":[70,70],"b":[29135,29135],"votes":50},"ends":{"modern":{"from":{"y":[-1446,-1406],"what":"Genesis written"},"to":{"y":[-6,-4],"what":"Jesus is born"}},"traditional":{"from":{"y":[-4004,-4004],"what":"The fall"},"to":{"y":[-4,-4],"what":"Jesus is born"}}},"note":"The promise of the woman's offspring; Paul writes that God sent his Son, born of a woman."},{"id":"tree-of-life","t":"The tree of life comes back","story":"tree-of-life","link":{"a":[31082,31082],"b":[39,39],"votes":21},"ends":{"modern":{"from":{"y":[-1446,-1406],"what":"Genesis written"},"to":{"y":[95,95],"what":"Revelation written"}},"traditional":{"from":{"y":[-4004,-4004],"what":"Creation"},"to":{"y":[95,95],"what":"Revelation written"}}},"note":"The tree of life stands in Eden; in John's vision it grows again by the river of the new Jerusalem, still to come."},{"id":"one-flesh","t":"The two will become one flesh","story":"bride-and-bridegroom","link":{"a":[54,54],"b":[29332,29335],"votes":77},"ends":{"modern":{"from":{"y":[-1446,-1406],"what":"Genesis written"},"to":{"y":[60,62],"what":"Ephesians written"}},"traditional":{"from":{"y":[-4004,-4004],"what":"Creation"},"to":{"y":[60,62],"what":"Ephesians written"}}},"note":"The first marriage in Eden; Paul quotes it and says it speaks of Christ and the church."},{"id":"passover-lamb","t":"The Passover lamb","link":{"a":[24766,24766],"b":[1822,1822],"votes":4},"ends":{"modern":{"from":{"y":[-1446,-1446],"what":"The Passover and the Exodus"},"to":{"y":[30,33],"what":"The Last Supper"}},"traditional":{"from":{"y":[-1491,-1491],"what":"The Passover and the Exodus"},"to":{"y":[30,30],"what":"The Last Supper"}}},"note":"Israel kills the Passover lamb at twilight; on the day the Passover lamb is sacrificed, Jesus sits down to the Passover meal with his disciples."},{"id":"isaiah-53","t":"By His stripes","link":{"a":[18716,18716],"b":[30423,30424],"votes":250},"ends":{"modern":{"from":{"y":[-740,-680],"what":"Isaiah written"},"to":{"y":[30,33],"what":"The crucifixion"}},"traditional":{"from":{"y":[-758,-689],"what":"Isaiah written"},"to":{"y":[30,30],"what":"The crucifixion"}}},"note":"Isaiah writes of a servant wounded for others; Peter applies it to Jesus on the cross. Many scholars date Isaiah 40–55 to about 540 BC, which would make the span about 570 years."},{"id":"bethlehem","t":"Out of Bethlehem","link":{"a":[23175,23175],"b":[22635,22635],"votes":151},"ends":{"modern":{"from":{"y":[-735,-700],"what":"Micah written"},"to":{"y":[-6,-4],"what":"Jesus is born"}},"traditional":{"from":{"y":[-749,-712],"what":"Micah written"},"to":{"y":[-4,-4],"what":"Jesus is born"}}},"note":"Micah names Bethlehem as the ruler's birthplace; Matthew quotes him when Jesus is born there."},{"id":"the-donkey","t":"Your king comes on a donkey","link":{"a":[23831,23831],"b":[23008,23009],"votes":101},"ends":{"modern":{"from":{"y":[-520,-480],"what":"Zechariah written"},"to":{"y":[30,33],"what":"Jesus rides into Jerusalem"}},"traditional":{"from":{"y":[-520,-480],"what":"Zechariah written"},"to":{"y":[30,30],"what":"Jesus rides into Jerusalem"}}},"note":"Zechariah sees the king coming humbly on a donkey; Matthew quotes him as Jesus rides into Jerusalem. Many scholars date Zechariah 9–14 later than 520 BC, to between 400 and 300 BC."}],"world":[{"id":"egypt-old","n":"Egypt: Old Kingdom (the pyramids)","y":[-2686,-2181],"approx":1},{"id":"egypt-middle","n":"Egypt: Middle Kingdom","y":[-2055,-1650],"approx":1},{"id":"hammurabi","n":"Hammurabi of Babylon","y":[-1792,-1750]},{"id":"egypt-new","n":"Egypt: New Kingdom (Ramesses II, 1279–1213 BC)","y":[-1550,-1069],"approx":1},{"id":"assyria","n":"The Assyrian empire","y":[-911,-609]},{"id":"babylon","n":"The Babylonian empire (Nebuchadnezzar, 605–562 BC)","y":[-626,-539]},{"id":"persia","n":"The Persian empire","y":[-550,-330]},{"id":"alexander","n":"Alexander the Great","y":[-336,-323]},{"id":"greek-kings","n":"Greek kings rule Judea (Ptolemies, then Seleucids)","y":[-301,-142]},{"id":"hasmoneans","n":"Jewish kings again (the Maccabees' heirs)","y":[-142,-63]},{"id":"rome-judea","n":"Rome rules Judea","y":[-63,135]},{"id":"herod","n":"Herod the Great","y":[-37,-4]},{"id":"augustus","n":"Augustus, first Roman emperor","y":[-27,14]},{"id":"tiberius","n":"Tiberius","y":[14,37]},{"id":"nero","n":"Nero","y":[54,68]},{"id":"domitian","n":"Domitian","y":[81,96]}],"credit":"Events, people and places: Theographic Bible Metadata (Robert Rouse), CC BY-SA 4.0, reshaped; dates also from the sources named on each anchor."}